We’re fascinated by the science of cannabis, and by decoding the complex blend of natural compounds that give strains their particular qualities, we can’t help but be continuously impressed by this powerhouse plant. Though you’re probably already familiar with cannabis’s two cannabinoid superstars—THC and CBD—there’s plenty to be said about its other unique compounds, with terpenes taking centerstage.
Responsible for a cultivar’s overall fragrance, when you detect those intriguing notes of black pepper, lemon peel, or fresh pine emanating from your bud, you can thank its terpenes. But what else makes these natural oils so special? Take a deep dive with us as we explore the wide world of terpenes. We’ll touch on everything, including:
- What are terpenes, and how many are there?
- What effects do terpenes have?
- When were terpenes discovered?
… and much more! By the end of this post, you’ll be ready to sample some quality cannabis strains and immerse yourself in their aromatic characteristics.
What Is a Terpene? Nature’s Scent Factories
How in the world does cannabis flower smell like citrus fruit, fresh lavender, or the hops used in beermaking? It’s all due to the presence of terpenes—and a reminder that they aren’t unique to cannabis. Believed to be the world’s largest and most varied group of natural compounds, terpenes are found in everything from fruits and herbs to trees—even insects and animals.
So, what exactly are terpenes? Technically, they’re the plant’s aromatic hydrocarbons, which is just another term for “essential oils.” They are produced and secreted by trichomes, the same tiny translucent glands that produce cannabis’s famed cannabinoids.
A Natural Defense System
It turns out those alluring scents aren’t just there to entice us but to serve vital roles in the plant’s defense.
Cannabis and other plants rely on terpenes’ strong scents to attract pollinators while also warding off harmful insectile pests. As cannabinoid production is affected by environmental factors, so are terpene levels. To maintain a healthy defense, cannabis plants need adequate fertilization and supportive soil conditions and climate to develop their terpenes. Moreover, the plant can also develop distinctly different terpenes at different stages of its growth cycle.
That said, terpenes are chemically quite fragile. As soon as cannabis plants are harvested for curing, their terpene contents begin to degrade. That’s one reason the cannabis concentrates known as live resin are so popular. Since they’re produced using cannabis that’s been flash-frozen immediately after harvest, they preserve a phenomenal amount of the plant’s natural terpenes.
How Many Terpenes Are There?
The quick answer to this question is: A lot! Some botanists believe terpenes are the largest and most diverse group of natural products on the planet, with as many as 20,000 total varieties. The earth’s most abundant terpene is pinene, found in many types of resinous trees and a chief contributor to the “Christmas tree” aroma found in some strains of cannabis.
How many terpenes are there in cannabis? About 150 terpenes are currently found in the plant. Still, far fewer are found in sufficient quantity to be considered major contributors to the plant’s aromatic and sensory profiles.
Cannabis Terpene Effects
Terpenes do much more than simply add enticing flavors and aromas to your cannabis. As clinical studies suggest, different terpenes may elicit anti-depressant and anti-anxiety effects, as well as anti-inflammatory responses, on top of other beneficial effects. Research also suggests that cannabis terpenes work in partnership with cannabinoids such as THC and CBD in a phenomenon known as the ensemble effect—or “entourage effect”—to produce specific therapeutic benefits.
This dovetails with our understanding of the endocannabinoid system (ECS)—a vital regulatory system that controls functions such as pain, memory, and immune response. As you might guess from the name, the ECS is how cannabinoids—and even some terpenes—interface with our bodies.
While the effect of terpenes is still somewhat theoretical, there’s a growing body of evidence supporting them, and we expect future cannabis-based treatments to take advantage of this phenomenon. Here are some examples already backed by science:
- One study published in 2011 suggests that the terpene alpha-pinene interacts with THC, helping to counteract the cannabinoid’s negative impact on short-term memory.
- Another recent study found that selected terpenes, including linalool and humulene, boosted the activity of cannabinoids.
- In 2020, a study found that—at least using an in vitro rodent model—several common terpenes directly activated ECS receptor cells.
To this end, many cannabis processors are already extracting and blending terpenes to produce more targeted sensory and medicinal effects.
History of Terpenes
We humans have a very long partnership with terpenes. Before they were called “terpenes,” these fragrant oils featured prominently in ancient medicinal traditions—as did cannabis.
For example, at least 2,000 years ago, Chinese physicians used borneol—a terpene with a distinctive cooling, camphor-like quality—to relieve pain without sedation. For centuries, herbalists have also relied on the naturally stress-relieving qualities of linalool—one of the major scent components of lavender—to calm the nerves without dulling the senses.
Top Terpenes and What They Do
There are a lot of terpenes in cannabis, so to keep things more manageable, here’s a guide designed to introduce you to a few of the plant’s most common.
Myrcene
If THC is the most abundant cannabinoid in cannabis, myrcene is the plant’s most abundant terpene. Characterized by a fruity, almost grapelike flavor, research suggests that myrcene may impart a gentle sedative effect. Some researchers believe it contributes to some strains’ notorious “couch lock” effect, though that’s still being researched.
As a principal terpene, myrcene may also synergize and potentiate the actions of other terpenes and cannabinoids, making it a key player in the ecosystem of the cannabis plant.
Along with mangoes, some other natural sources of myrcene include bay leaf, lemongrass, cardamom, and basil.
Alpha-Pinene and Beta-Pinene
Known collectively as “pinene,” these close relatives emit a distinctively piney aroma. Unsurprisingly, you’ll also find this terpene in pine trees, orange peels, and herbs such as basil and rosemary.
Some studies suggest that pinene exhibits a gentle anti-inflammatory effect, which may be why—even when inhaled—pinene-rich strains can help reduce inflammatory responses. Pinene is the world’s most abundant terpene, appearing in pine trees, eucalyptus, turpentine, and sage.
Caryophyllene
Spicy, peppery, and unforgettable, some research suggests this terpene exhibits potential analgesic and anxiety-fighting properties. And thanks to an unusual molecular structure, which allows it to bind more readily than many other terpenes, it’s a key ingredient in some anti-inflammatory topicals and creams.
Looking for caryophyllene outside of cannabis? Try your spice rack, where you’ll find it in black pepper, cloves, oregano, black caraway, and cinnamon.
Learn more about caryophyllene.
Limonene
A bright and cheerful terpene, limonene adds general uplift and mood-lightening effects to many strains of cannabis, as well as foods, cosmetics, and even household cleaning products. What’s more, some clinical studies suggest it may have the ability to reduce stress and anxiety. It’s also one of the most easily recognized cannabis terpenes with its characteristic lemony scent.
Beyond cannabis, you can find limonene in many citrus fruits, from lemons and limes to oranges, grapefruits, and even in pine trees.
Linalool
Sure, you’re probably familiar with the classic “cannabis smell,” but did you know that this signature scent comes in large part from linalool? Studies show that it may help fight anxiety and depression by imparting generalized relaxing sensations. Beyond that, preliminary studies on mice suggest that this important terpene might help support the treatment of cognitive impairment and memory loss caused by neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s.
Linalool occurs mainly in lavender, where it’s a key component in the herb’s famously calming aroma. Beyond that, it’s found in citrus fruits, mint, and roses.
Humulene
This distinctive-smelling terpene is found in hops, which helps give many beers their earthy and spicy flavor notes. As well as having antibacterial qualities, humulene may have cancer-fighting properties and may be able to suppress the appetite. Other humulene-rich plants include sage and ginseng.
Terpinolene
With a complex scent profile that spans several aromatic notes—think woodsy, citrusy, and floral—this terpene is more often a background player than the star of the show when it comes to cannabis. But it may impart some intriguing medicinal effects, including its potential to exert a mild sedative and anxiolytic—or anxiety-reducing—effect, as well as functioning as an antioxidant to prevent the breakdown of cells.
Other terpinolene sources include lilac, nutmeg, tea leaf, and conifer trees.
Delta-3 Carene
This terpene exhibits a wide range of aromas characterized as both earthy and sweet, with undertones of woodsy pine. Intriguingly, delta-3 carene is often described as having a lemony taste, and strains rich in this terpene usually feature citrus-like notes.
On the medical front, delta-3 carene may prove to be a powerful anti-inflammatory—an effect associated with many terpenes and cannabinoids. In addition, there’s evidence it helps support sleep in ways reminiscent of conventional sleep medications.
Where else is delta-3 carene found? Try herbs such as basil, rosemary, pepper plants, and cedar.
Learn more about delta-3 carene.
Shop Highly Aromatic Strains and More At Green Goods
As you may have noticed, there’s a lot more to terpenes than just those alluring aromas and tastes! As interest in the medical potential of cannabis has snowballed, researchers are finding out that terpenes have an enormous amount to offer in terms of their impacts on our health.
Want to start sampling a wide variety of terpenes? We’ve got you covered! Head to your nearest Green Goods for a chance to taste the rich and aromatic world of cannabis. We offer a huge selection of fragrant strains, tasty concentrates, and so much more.
Interested in learning more? Take your cannabis education to the next level with our in-depth cannabis blog, where you’ll get a deep dive into the endocannabinoid system, how to find your ideal edible dosage and other intriguing information.
Have more questions about the many types of terpenes—or any other cannabis-related topics? Just ask one of our friendly budtenders or drop us a line. We’re always here to help!
